The speckled wood butterflies Pararge xiphia and P. aegeria (Satyridae) on Madeira: distribution, territorial behaviour and possible competition

Abstract

Madeira is home to two species of speckled wood butterfly. Pararge xiphia is endemic and is common at mid to high altitudes, within and around the edges of the indigenous laurel forest. In 1976 P. aegeria colonized the island and anecdotal reports suggest